yuzu-qt: Attempt to workaround broken Vulkan installations

This does a few things in order to make the default setting Vulkan
workable.

- When yuzu boots, it just opens the Vulkan library.
  - If it works, all good and we continue with Vulkan as the default.
  - If something breaks, a new file in the config directory will be left
    behind (this is deleted normally).
- If Vulkan is not working, has_broken_vulkan is set to true.
  - The first time this happens, a warning is displayed to notify the
    user.
  - This forces use of OpenGL, and Vulkan cannot be selected.
  - The Shader Backend selector is made accessible for use in custom
    configurations.
  - To disable has_broken_vulkan, the user needs to press a button in
    Graphics Configuration to manually run the Vulkan device
    enumeration.

src/yuzu/check_vulkan.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_wrapper.h"
+
+#include <exception>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
+#include "common/fs/fs.h"
+#include "common/fs/path_util.h"
+#include "common/logging/log.h"
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_instance.h"
+#include "video_core/vulkan_common/vulkan_library.h"
+#include "yuzu/check_vulkan.h"
+#include "yuzu/uisettings.h"
+
+constexpr char TEMP_FILE_NAME[] = "vulkan_check";
+
+bool CheckVulkan() {
+    if (UISettings::values.has_broken_vulkan) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    LOG_DEBUG(Frontend, "Checking presence of Vulkan");
+
+    const auto fs_config_loc = Common::FS::GetYuzuPath(Common::FS::YuzuPath::ConfigDir);
+    const auto temp_file_loc = fs_config_loc / TEMP_FILE_NAME;
+
+    if (std::filesystem::exists(temp_file_loc)) {
+        LOG_WARNING(Frontend, "Detected recovery from previous failed Vulkan initialization");
+
+        UISettings::values.has_broken_vulkan = true;
+        std::filesystem::remove(temp_file_loc);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::ofstream temp_file_handle(temp_file_loc);
+    temp_file_handle.close();
+
+    try {
+        Vulkan::vk::InstanceDispatch dld;
+        const Common::DynamicLibrary library = Vulkan::OpenLibrary();
+        const Vulkan::vk::Instance instance =
+            Vulkan::CreateInstance(library, dld, VK_API_VERSION_1_0);
+
+    } catch (const Vulkan::vk::Exception& exception) {
+        LOG_ERROR(Frontend, "Failed to initialize Vulkan: {}", exception.what());
+        UISettings::values.has_broken_vulkan = true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::filesystem::remove(temp_file_loc);
+    return true;
+}